Introduction
Cold weather can be risky for anyone, but especially for older people.
Almost everyone is familiar with winter hazards such as broken bones from
falls on ice or breathing difficulties triggered by cold air. But the
winter chill can also lead to a temperature drop inside the body that
can be deadly if not found quickly and treated properly. This lowered
body temperature, usually brought on by staying in a cool place for a
long time, is called hypothermia (hi-po-ther-mee-uh). It is a special
problem for older people, who often have other illnesses or take medications
that can interfere with the body’s ability to regulate its temperature.
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What is hypothermia?
Hypothermia is marked by unusually low body temperatures, below 96° F
(35.5° C) - well below the body’s normal temperature of 98.6° F (37° C).
What may seem like a mere couple of degrees can have a devastating effect.
Severe hypothermia can cause an irregular heartbeat leading to heart failure
and death.
Body temperature is a balance between how much heat is produced and how
much is lost. The brain acts as a thermostat, sending and receiving signals
to and from parts of the body that affect temperature: the spinal cord,
muscles, blood vessels, endocrine system, and skin. The body has many
different reactions to cold. Shivering by the muscles, for instance, is
one way the body produces heat. Muscles shiver in response to messages
sent by the nerves; shivering increases muscle cell activity, which in
turn produces heat. [Top]
What to look for
How can you tell if someone has hypothermia? If a person says he or she
is unusually cold, check their temperature with a thermometer. Older people
may be reluctant to complain, or are unaware of how serious the cold can
be. Look for these signs of hypothermia:
- Confusion or sleepiness
- Slowed, slurred speech, or shallow breathing
- Weak pulse; low blood pressure
- A change in behavior during cold weather or a change in the way a
person looks
- Excess shivering or no shivering; stiffness in the arms or legs
- Chilly rooms or other signs that the person has been in a cold place
- Poor control over body movements or slow reactions
To figure out whether someone is suffering from hypothermia, take his
or her temperature with a thermometer. First shake the thermometer to
below its lowest point. Then, if the temperature appears to be below 96°
F (35.5° C) or it can’t be read on an oral thermometer, take the person’s
temperature again using a rectal thermometer for a more exact reading.
If the thermometer still does not show the temperature or is below 96
degrees F, call for emergency help. The only way to tell accurately if
a person has hypothermia is to use a special thermometer that can read
temperatures below 94° F (34° C). Most hospitals have these thermometers.
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Treatment and recovery from hypothermia
The most important step in treating hypothermia is to make a person warm
and dry. He or she must be seen by a doctor, preferably one who knows
about the condition and who is located in a well-equipped hospital emergency
room. There, the doctors will warm the body from inside out. For example,
they may give the person warm fluids intravenously (I.V.).
If you suspect that a person has hypothermia and emergency help is not
available right away, move the person to a warmer location, if possible,
and wrap him or her in a warm blanket to stop further heat loss. You can
also use your own body heat to keep the person warm. Lie close to the
victim, but be gentle and do not handle the person roughly. Rubbing the
person’s arms and legs, as many rescuers are tempted to do, can make the
problem worse.
Chances for recovery depend on how long a person was exposed to the cold
and his or her general health. If body temperature has not dropped below
90° F (32.2° C), chances for a total recovery are usually good. If body
temperature has fallen to between 80° F (26.6° C) and 90° F (32.2° C),
most people will recover, but some lasting damage is likely. If the temperature
goes under 80° F (26.6° C), most victims will not survive. [Top]
Some Safety tips!
- Guarding against hypothermia
Living conditions, illness, and some medicines (those affecting the
body’s ability to respond to cold) increase the risk for hypothermia.
- Environment
People who live in poorly heated homes risk getting accidental hypothermia
when the weather is cold. Even mildly cool temperatures of 60° F (15.5°
C) to 65° F (18.3° C) can trigger the condition. Homes can have inadequate
insulation, or people with low incomes and little savings may keep
temperatures in the dangerous range as they try to keep heating bills
down.
Some help is available. To improve insulation, some states fund programs
to help low income families “weatherize” their homes. You can contact
your state or local energy agency or the local power or gas company
for more information. Weatherizing your home, or heating only one
or two of the in-use rooms of a house, will keep the heating bills
down.
In addition, some low-income families may qualify for help in paying
their heating bills. State and local energy agencies, or gas and electric
companies, have special programs. You can contact them for details.
Also, if a person cannot pay a utility bill, many states and cities
now have laws that stop landlords from cutting off gas or electricity
in cold weather, at least until other plans are made. Do not wait
for winter to find out about these programs.
Check with your local government about the laws that may apply, then
pass this information along to a relative or an older person’s legal
representative.
Older people may be vulnerable to hypothermia even when they live
in nursing homes or group facilities. These institutions have to be
careful when lowering temperatures, because patients who are already
sick may have special difficulty keeping warm.
Being knowledgeable about the weather can help reduce risks too.
For example, brisk winds cause more rapid heat loss than calmer weather.
Weather forecasters call this the wind-chill factor. They often suggest,
even when the temperature itself is not very low, that the wind-chill
factor is low enough for people to stay indoors. [Top]
- Health
Some illnesses and medications place a person at risk because they
affect the way the body handles cold temperatures. Illnesses that
may blunt the response to cold include:
- Slow thyroid (hypothyroidism) or other disorders of the body’s
hormone system.
- Stroke or other disorders that cause paralysis and reduce awareness.
- Severe arthritis, Parkinson’s disease, or other illnesses that
limit activity.
- Any condition that curbs the normal flow of blood.
- Memory disorders.
Certain medicines also increase the risk of accidental hypothermia.
They include drugs used to treat anxiety, depression, or nausea, and
some over-the-counter cold remedies. Ask your doctor how your medicines
affect body heat. In addition to some medication, alcoholic drinks
lower the body’s ability to retain heat. [Top]
Stopping accidental hypothermia
Increased awareness is the most effective way to prevent and treat accidental
hypothermia. Older people, their families, and friends should keep alert
for hypothermia risks and try to reduce them. Keep older people warm and
dry during cool weather. Doctors, nurses, and health professionals - including
those working in emergency rooms - must remember to check for hypothermia.
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Remember these important facts:
- Accidental hypothermia is a drop in body temperature to below 96°
F (35.5° C).
- Older people are at risk of hypothermia not only in cold weather,
but in mildly cool temperatures as well.
- Hypothermia affects older people more often than younger people.
- Alcoholic drinks, certain illnesses, and some medications can affect
the body’s ability to regulate temperature.
- A person suffering from hypothermia is often confused, sleepy, or
can have slurred speech.
- Hypothermia is dangerous and requires immediate medical care. [Top]
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